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Priority DateTitleAssigneePatent or patent applicationAbstract
29/10/2001Photocatalyst and process to purify gaseous effluents by oxidation catalysisSICAT
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Universite Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg
US7435702
EP1439909
The photocatalyst based on a composite WO3—SiC/TiO2 semiconductor and subjected to radiation whose wavelength is at least partly less than 400 nm gives1 photocatalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds and leads to their total mineralisation into CO2 and H2O.
The process for the photocatalytic purification of industrial, agricultural or domestic gaseous effluent may be conducted at room pressure and temperature. Its conversion rate is high and stable.
17/01/2002Zeolite/SiC composites and their use in catalysis SICAT
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Universite Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg
US7179764
EP1465725
The invention relates to a composite formed of a zeolite (such as ZSM-5 zeolite, β-zeolite and silicalite) deposited on a rigid support, wherein the rigid support comprises silicon carbide (SiC) with a specific surface area BET of at least 5 m2/g. Preferably, the support is a β-SiC foam with a specific area of between 10 and 500 m2/g. This composite may be used as a catalyst and/or a catalyst support for chemical reactions in a gas or liquid medium. For example materials of the present invention are useful for example, in connection with cracking, acylation, alkylation and/or isomerization of hydrocarbons.
09/07/2002Method for preparing catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis by multiple-phase impregnation, catalysts and use of said catalysts SICAT
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Universite Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg
US20060153765
EP1519789
The invention concerns a method for so-called two-phase impregnation of a β-SiC support with high specific surface area, said method comprising at least the following steps: (a) a first impregnating at least once said support with a polar agent A, (b) a second impregnating which consists in impregnating at least once said support with at least an agent B less polar than agent A. Said method enables the production of novel catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis.
16/04/2003Silicon carbide based ceramic material for use in aggressive environmentsUniversite Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg
SICAT
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
US2007086937
EP1618079
A SiC-based composite material capable of use as an inner coating for an aluminium smelting furnace or as an inner coating for a fused salt electrolytic cell, wherein said composite material has been prepared from a precursor mixture comprising at least one β-SiC precursor and at least one carbonated resin, and wherein said composite material contains inclusions, and wherein at least one part thereof comprises α-SiC, in a β-SiC matrix.
19/07/2007Catalyst substrate containing beta-SiC with an alumina layerSICAT
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Universite Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg
WO2009034268The invention relates to a composite comprising a layer of porous alumina deposited on a rigid substrate made of β-SiC. The composite can be used as a catalyst substrate. The alumina layer may include catalytically active phases, in particular phases that do not properly bind onto the non-treated β-SiC, such as silver particles.
02/08/2011Catalytic process for the conversion of a synthesis gas to hydrocarbonsSICAT LLC
TOTAL SA
CENTRE NAT RECH SCIENT
UNIV STRASBOURG
WO2012164231
EP2714848
Catalytic process for the at least partial conversion of a gaseous mixture containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen into a mixture of hydrocarbons, comprising a step of bringing said gaseous mixture into contact with a solid catalyst, said solid catalyst comprising - a porous support comprising a composite material comprising SiC and a titanium carbide (composite referred to as "SiC/TiC") and/or a titanium oxide (composite referred to as "SiC/TiO2"), and - an active phase. The support may be prepared in the form of grains, beads, or extrudates, or in the form of cylinders or sheets of cellular foam. Its molar content of titanium with respect to the molar sum Si + Ti is advantageously between 0.5% and 15%.
26/06/2012Catalyst supports made from silicon carbide covered with TiO2 for Fischer-Tropsch synthesisSICAT CATALYSTS, INC.
CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE
UNIVERSITE DE STRASBOURG
US9416066Catalysts supports and catalysts capable of being used in heterogeneous catalysis. The catalyst support belongs to the porous supports based on silicon carbide (SiC), in particular, based on β-SiC, modified by a surface deposit of TiO2.
25/08/2022Use of a metal-free carbon material for converting plastic into C2-C4 olefins and/or hydrocarbons, under direct induction heating, and method thereofCNRS, UNISTRA, BLACK-LEAF, SICATEP4328286The present invention refers to the use of a metal-free carbon material for converting plastic into C2-C4 olefins and/or other hydrocarbons, under direct induction heating at temperature less than or equal to 800 °C.
The present invention also relates to a process for converting plastic into C2-C4 olefin and/or other hydrocarbons, comprising a step of reaction under direct induction heating, with a metal-free carbon material as defined in anyone of the claims, at temperature less than or equal to 800 °C.
21/06/2001Method for obtaining synthesis gas by partial catalytic oxidationELF ANTAR FranceWO03000398The invention relates to a method for obtaining synthesis gas by partial catalytic oxidation, consisting in bringing a hydrocarbon in a gaseous state into contact with an oxidizing gas, and therefore possibly a small amount of water vapor, in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one silicon carbide at a temperature of more than 800 °C. According to the invention, the silicon carbide has a specific surface which is determined by the BET method and which is less than or equal to 100 m?2¿/g, the contact time between the mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon, oxidizing gas and silicon carbide being more than 0.05 seconds and the pressure inside the reactor being greater than atmospheric pressure.
24/09/1998Process for oxidizing the H2S contained at low concentration in a gas directly to sulfur by catalytic means and in the vapour phaseELF Exploration ProductionUS6372193A process for catalytically oxidizing H2S contained in a gas directly to sulphur containing the following steps: combining the H2S-containing gas with a gas containing free oxygen in an amount to produce an oxygen-enriched H2S-containing gas having O2/H2S molar ratio ranging from about 0.05 to about 15; and contacting the oxygen-enriched H2S-containing gas with a catalyst for selective oxidation of H2S to sulphur, wherein the catalyst includes a catalytically active phase combined with a silicon carbide-based support and wherein the active phase of the catalyst consists of at least one oxysulphide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of iron, copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, at a temperature above the dew point of sulphur formed during H2S oxidation.
31/12/2003Procédé de traitement des mélanges methane / Dioxyde de carboneTOTAL FranceFR2864528La présente invention concerne un procédé de transformation des mélanges méthane/dioxyde de carbone en mélange monoxyde de carbone/hydrogène caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise un catalyseur comprenant un support contenant du carbure de silicium sous forme bêta.
31/12/2003Process for the conversion of a synthesis gas into hydrocarbons in the presence of beta SiC and the effluent of said methodTOTAL FranceUS7393877In a process for the conversion of carbon monoxide to C2+ hydrocarbons in the presence of hydrogen and of a catalyst comprising a metal and a support comprising silicon carbide, the support comprises more than 50% by weight of silicon carbide in the beta form. A process for the conversion of carbon monoxide to C2+ hydrocarbons in the presence of hydrogen and of a catalyst the effluent thus obtained are also disclosed.
27/06/2005Method of converting a synthesis gas into hydrocarbons in the presence of SiC foamTOTAL S.A.WO2007000506
EP1907506
The invention relates to a method of converting carbon monoxide into hydrocarbons C2 + in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst containing a metal (optionally with added promoter) which is placed in a multitubular reactor in which the tubes contain the catalyst which is supported by a support that is based on a hard cell foam of silicon carbide.
19/12/2008Catalyst and process for hydrogenation of hydrocarbon feedstocksTOTAL Petrochemicals Research FeluyEP2204236
WO2010070031
Hydrogenation process comprising: contacting in the presence of hydrogen an hydrocarbon feedstock comprising at least one unsaturated compound selected from the group consisting of alkynes and dienes and mixtures thereof with an hydrogenation catalyst in a reaction zone to produce a product stream having a reduced proportion of alkynes and/or dienes, wherein, the hydrogenation catalyst comprises :
• a first constituent of at least one metal or metal-based component selected from the elements consisting of Groups 1-10 of the Periodic Table of Elements (new IUPAC notation) and a second constituent of at least one metal or metal-based component selected from the elements consisting of Groups 11-14 of the Periodic Table of Elements,
• said first constituent and second constituent are on a carrier made essentially of SiC or of a crystalline silicate and
• the second constituent is optional if the carrier is made essentially of SiC.

Hydrogenation catalyst comprising :
• a first constituent of at least one metal or metal-based component selected from the elements consisting of Groups 1-10 of the Periodic Table of Elements (new IUPAC notation) and a second constituent of at least one metal or metal-based component selected from the elements consisting of Groups 11-14 of the Periodic Table of Elements, and
• said first constituent and second constituent are on a carrier made essentially of a crystalline silicate or of SiC,
• the second constituent is optional if the carrier is made essentially of SiC.
15/12/2008Catalyst and process for selective hydrogenation of alkynes and dienesTOTAL Petrochemicals Research FeluyEP2204235
WO2010070030
Selective hydrogenation process comprising: • contacting in the presence of hydrogen an hydrocarbon feedstock comprising at least one unsaturated compound selected from the group consisting of al kynes and dienes and mixtures thereof with a first hydrogenation catalyst in a first reaction zone to produce a first product stream having a reduced proportion of alkynes and/or dienes; and • contacting the first product stream in a second reaction zone having an inlet and an outlet, in the presence of optional additional hydrogen, with a second hydrogenation catalyst to produce a second product stream, wherein, the first hydrogenation catalyst comprises: • a first constituent of at least one metal or metal-based component selected from the elements consisting of Groups 1-10 of the Periodic Table of Elements (new IUPAC notation) and optionally a second constituent of at least one metal or metal-based component selected from the elements consisting of Groups 11-14 of the Periodic Table of Elements, and said first constituent and optional second constituent are on a carrier made essentially of SiC or of an alkaline earth metal silicate. Hydrogenation catalyst comprising : • a first constituent of at least one metal or metal-based component selected from the elements consisting of Groups 1-10 of the Periodic Table of Elements (new IUPAC notation) and a second constituent of at least one metal or metal-based component selected from the elements consisting of Groups 11 -14 of the Periodic Table of Elements, and • said first constituent and second constituent are on a carrier made essentially of an alkaline earth metal silicate or of SiC, • the second constituent is optional if the carrier is made essentially of SiC.
19/08/2003Use of a catalyst comprising a beta silicon carbide support in a selective hydrodesulphurization processIFP Energies Nouvelles IFPENUS20050056568
US20080179220
The invention concerns the use of supported catalysts comprising at least one metal or metallic compound of a metal from group VI and/or group VIII deposited on a support essentially constituted by β silicon carbide in a process for selective hydrodesulphurization of an olefinic hydrocarbon feed that is substantially free of polynuclear aromatics and metals. The invention can be used to carry out deep desulphurization of catalytically cracked gasoline cuts with very limited saturation of olefins and thus a minimum loss of octane number.
13/12/2004Process for purification of aromatic carboxylic acids (PTA)BP Corporation North America Inc.US8492583
US20080103333
Impure aromatic carboxylic acids such as are obtained by liquid phase oxidation of feed materials comprising aromatic compounds with substituent groups oxidizable to carboxylic acid groups, or comprising aromatic carboxylic acid and one or more aromatic carbonyl impurities that form hydrogenated species more soluble in aqueous solvents or with less color or color-forming tendencies than the aromatic carbonyl impurity, are purified to an aromatic carboxylic acid product with lower levels of impurities by a process comprising contacting an aqueous solution comprising the impure aromatic carboxylic acid with hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure with an attrition-resistance, acid stable catalyst composition comprising at least one hydrogenation catalyst metal and a support comprising relatively high surface area silicon carbide.
08/12/2006Dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether using catalysts based on a zeolite supported on silicon carbideUniversite Louis PasteurUS9073837A process for the preparation of dimethyl ether by catalytic dehydration of methanol, in which there is used a catalyst based on a zeolite immobilized on a silicon carbide support, for example a zeolite of type ZSM-5 supported on silicon carbide extrudates or on a silicon carbide cellular foam.
17/04/2007Hydrogenation Process and CatalystsEastman Chemical CompanyUS7632962Disclosed is a process for the preparation of dimethyl cyclohexanedicarboxylates by the hydrogenation of the corresponding dimethyl benzenedicarboxylate ester in the presence of supported catalysts comprising (i) a Group VIII metal and (ii) a catalyst support material selected from graphite and silicon carbide.
06/10/2009Procede de production de distillats moyens par hydroisomerisation et hydrocraquage de charges issues du procede fischer-tropsch mettant en oeuvre un catalyseur a base de carbure de siliciumIFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN, Eni SpAFR2950896L'invention concerne un procédé de production de distillats moyens à partir d'une charge paraffinique produite par synthèse Fischer-Tropsch, mettant en oeuvre un catalyseur d'hydrocraquage/hydroisomérisation comprenant au moins un métal hydro-déshydrogénant choisi dans le groupe formé par les métaux du groupe VIB et du groupe VIII de la classification périodique et un composite formé par une zéolithe de type Y et du carbure de silicium SiC, ledit procédé opérant à une température comprise entre 270 et 400°C, une pression comprise entre 1 et 9 MPa, une vitesse volumique horaire comprise entre 0,5 et 5 h , un débit d'hydrogène ajusté pour obtenir un rapport de 400 à 1500 normaux litres d'hydrogène par litre de charge.
23/10/2009Production of lower olefins from synthesis gasNetherlands Organisation for Scientific ResearchEP2314557Disclosed is a process for the production of lower olefins by the conversion of a feed stream comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and catalysts as used therein, such as a Fischer- Tropsch process. By virtue of the invention, lower olefins can be formed from synthesis gas, with high selectivity, and low production of methane. The catalysts used herein comprise a support that is chemically inert towards iron, and a catalytically active component that comprises iron-containing particles dispersed onto the inert support in at least 1 wt.%. Preferably, the iron-containing particles have an average particle size below 30 nm, and most preferably below 10 nm. The supported catalysts not only show a high selectivity, but also a high catalyst activity and chemical and mechanical stability.
14/03/2013A hydrocarbon synthesis process using a Co-based catalyst supported on a SiC comprising supportSASOLWO2014140973The present invention relates to a process for producing hydrocarbons, and more particularly to such a process which includes the use of a cobalt-based silicon carbide supported catalyst. According to the invention, there is provided a process for producing hydrocarbons and, optionally, oxygenates of hydrocarbons, the process including: contacting syngas, which includes a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, with a cobalt-based supported catalyst in a slurry bed of a slurry bed reactor at a temperature above 180°C in the slurry bed, a pressure of at least 10 bar(a) (1000 kPa(a)) in the slurry bed and a water partial pressure (PH2o) reaching at least 5 bar(a) (500 kPa(a)) in the slurry bed; wherein: the cobalt-based supported catalyst has been prepared by (i) introducing a cobalt compound onto and/or into a particulate silicon carbide catalyst support to provide a cobalt loaded silicon carbide catalyst support; (ii) calcining the cobalt loaded silicon carbide catalyst support under non-reducing conditions at a temperature above 400°C to provide a catalyst precursor; and (iii) reducing the catalyst precursor to activate the catalyst precursor and thus providing a cobalt-based supported catalyst.
07/02/2014Integrated process for the production of Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (=HFO-1336)The Chemours CompanyUS9758452
US10099976
(WO2015/120250 de Dupont)
Disclosed is a process for the preparation of cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene comprising contacting 1,1,1-trifluorotrichloroethane with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising ruthenium to produce a product mixture comprising 1316mxx, recovering said 1316mxx as a mixture of Z- and E-isomers, contacting said 1316mxx with hydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of copper on carbon, nickel on carbon, copper and nickel on carbon and copper and palladium on carbon, to produce a second product mixture, comprising E- or Z-CFC-1326mxz, and subjecting said second product mixture to a separation step to provide E- or Z-1326mxz. The E- or Z-1326mxz can be dehydrochlorinated in an aqueous basic solution with an alkali metal hydroxide in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst to produce hexafluoro-2-butyne, which can then be selectively hydrogenated to produce Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene using either Lindlar's catalyst, or a palladium catalyst further comprising a lantanide element or silver.
12/09/2008Three-dimensional foam photocatalysts structured with carbide and particulary Β-SIC
Photoreacteur comportant un photocatalyseur à base de mousses tridimentionnelles en carbure de Si
Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)
Universite De Strasbourg
US8628726
EP2341948
The invention relates to a photocatalyst comprising a β-SiC cellular foam and a photocatalytically active phase, deposited directly on said cellular foam or on an intermediate phase deposited on said cellular foam. The average size of the cells is between 2500 μm and 5000 μm. The foam can comprise nanotubes or nanofibers (particularly of carbon, SiC, and TiO2) that consist of, or carry as an intermediate phase, a photocatalytically active phase.
23/09/2010Process using a plate reactor for the Fisher-Tropsch synthesisCentre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)
Universite De Strasbourg
WO2012/038621Process for converting a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) to a hydrocarbon-based effluent, comprising a step of passing the mixture into a least one catalystic plate comprising a cellular foam support and an active phase, characterized in that the thickness of said at least one catalytic plate is less or equal to 10 mm, and preferably less than or equal to 7 mm. The cellular foam may be a foam based on carbon or based on beta-SiC. It may be filled with carbon nanotubes and/or nanofibers.
02/04/2015ProcessMEXICHEM FLUORWO2016156870A process for preparing a (hydro)haloalkene comprising dehydrohalogenating a hydrohaloalkane in the presence of a catalyst comprising a ceramic material.
28/04/2016Process for conversion of sulfur trioxide and hydrogen productionIndian Institut of Technology and ONGC EnergyUS11390522A process for decomposition of sulfuric acid, particularly a process for catalytically decomposing sulfuric acid is used to obtain sulfur dioxide therefrom. Catalysts are used for improving the dissociation efficiency by lowering the activation energy barrier for the reaction.
18/12/2015CATALYST HAVING A MODIFIED SILICON CARBIDE SUPPORT AND ITS USE AS A HYDROGENATION CATALYST (PTA)UOP LLCUS20180273463Impure aromatic carboxylic acids such as are obtained by liquid phase oxidation of feed materials comprising aromatic compounds with substituent groups oxidizable to carboxylic acid groups, or comprising aromatic carboxylic acid and one or more aromatic carbonyl impurities that form hydrogenated species more soluble in aqueous solvents or with less color or color-forming tendencies than the aromatic carbonyl impurity, are purified to an aromatic carboxylic acid product with lower levels of impurities by a process comprising contacting an aqueous solution comprising the impure aromatic carboxylic acid with hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure with an attrition-resistance, acid stable catalyst composition comprising at least one hydrogenation catalyst metal and a support comprising relatively high surface area of high porosity silicon carbide with low levels of iron and alkali metal impurities. The support may further contain titanium or rare earth metals.
15/09/2022METHOD FOR PREPARING A SILICON CARBIDE CATALYST FOR DEHYDRATING HYDROXYPROPANOIC ACID AND THE DERIVATIVES THEREOF  IFPENFR22209283
WO2024/056416
The present invention relates to a method for preparing a catalyst comprising at least one compound of a phosphate salt, of the M1HxPOy type, x being a fractional number between [0-2] and y being a fractional number between [3-4], with M selected from the group formed by the metals of group I and group II of the periodic table, taken alone or as a mixture, and a substrate comprising porous silicon carbide SiC, said method comprising at least a step of adding said phosphate salt to the substrate comprising the silicon carbide.
19/07/2022PROCESS FOR PREPARING, BY HYDROFORMYLATION, SHORT-CHAIN OLEFINS IN THE GAS PHASE  EVONIKWO2024/017513The invention relates to a process for preparing, by hydroformylation, short-chain olefins, more particularly C2 to C8 olefins, wherein the catalyst system, which comprises a metal of group 8 or 9 of the periodic system of elements, at least one organic phosphorus-containing ligand and a stabilizer is heterogenized on a porous ceramic material support, the support consisting of bulk SiC moldings the ratio of pores of which with a pore diameter in the range of 10 nm to 1000 nm, in relation to the total amount of pores in the Sic moldings, is 20 to 70%, preferably 25 to 50%.
29/08/2012Catalysts for synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons using syngas and preparation methods thereofKISTUS9089835Disclosed is a Co/Al2O3/SiC catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis exhibiting superior heat transfer and mass transport effects, wherein an Al2O3/SiC support in which alumina is coated on silicon carbide (SiC) with superior thermal conductivity is used and cobalt (Co) is supported thereon as an active component to provide a bimodal pore size distribution, and a method for preparing same. Use of the Al2O3/SiC support improves cobalt dispersion and enhances cobalt-support interaction, thereby inhibiting generation of cokes (carbon filaments). As a result, catalyst stability is improved and conversion of syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) can be improved.
10/02/2003Silicon carbide-supported catalysts for partial oxidation of natural gas to synthesis gasConocoPhillips CompanyUS20040157939A method for converting light hydrocarbons (e.g. methane or natural gas) to synthesis gas employs a silicon carbide-supported catalyst that catalyzes a net partial oxidation reaction. Certain preferred catalysts include a catalytically active metal disposed on a silicon carbide support.
03/02/2012Oxidation of cycloalkanes in the presence of a supported bimetallic gold-palladium catalystINVISTA North AmericaUS20150011797The present invention relates to a process for the oxidation of cycloalkanes utilising a supported gold and palladium catalyst and the use of the supported gold and palladium catalyst for the oxidation of cycloalkanes. Also described is a process for the preparation of the supported catalyst.
09/07/2019Gas phase process for chlorotrifluoroethyleneHoneywell InternationalUS10696613Disclosed are processes for the dechlorination of haloethanes comprising reacting in the gaseous phase a haloethane and reducing agent such as an alkene, an alkane, hydrogen or combinations of two or more of these, in the presence of a silicon-based catalyst.
27/10/2021Process for the production of hydrogen and carbon by catalytic non-oxidative decomposition of hydrocarbonsTOTALENERGIES ONETECH, UNISTRA, CNRSWO2023/073000The present invention relates to a process and a system for the production of hydrogen and carbon by catalytic non-oxidative decomposition of hydrocarbons, such as saturated C1+ hydrocarbons, such as methane, in the presence of a fresh or a spent catalyst composition comprising at least one carbon catalyst. The process of the invention is characterised in that the fresh or spent catalyst composition is heated by means of induction heating to a temperature comprised between 500°C and 1100°C. The catalyst compositions as applied in accordance with the invention comprise, and preferably consist of, (I) a first component, wherein said first component is selected from one or more non-porous carbon catalysts and/or one or more porous carbon catalysts; and (II) optionally, a second component, wherein said second component consists of a non-carbon material, and preferably is a ceramic or zeolitic support material. Further provided are a spent catalyst obtained when carrying out a process of the invention, and uses thereof.
08/02/2013METHOD OF SYNTHESISING AMINO ACID BY METATHESIS, HYDROLYSIS, THEN HYDROGENATIONARKEMAEP2953925A method of synthesising an amino acid from an unsaturated fatty compound I that includes at least the following steps: cross-metathesis with a short unsaturated compound II, one of compounds I or II comprising a nitrile function and the other of these compounds II or I an ester function, so as to obtain and recover at least one monounsaturated nitrile ester NEU; hydrolysis of the NEU in unsaturated acid nitrile NAU; hydrogenation of the NAU to saturated amino acid AA; and then purification of the AA, if applicable, in particular by crystallisation. Also, a polymer obtained by polymerisation using the amino acid synthesised according to the method.
12/03/2019Catalysts and integrated processes for producing trifluoroiodomethaneHoneywell InternationalUS10683247The present disclosure provides a process for producing trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The process may include providing a vapor-phase reactant stream comprising trifluoroacetic acid and iodine and reacting the reactant stream in the presence of a catalyst to produce a product stream comprising the trifluoroiodomethane. The catalyst includes silicon carbide.